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ASTM E84 Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
The ASTM E84 test is a standard of the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) that measures the burning properties, or fire resistance, of building materials that may be exposed to flames using the Steiner tunnel chamber…
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Block print is a motif that emerges from manually stamping a fabric by applying dye to a block—typically wood or linoleum—that has been carved into a print. The dye-coated side of the block is then pressed onto the surface of a fabric, in a process that…
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Botanical is a motif depicting precise illustrations of plants that occasionally includes representations of flowers in bloom, leaves, or stems. As a favored subject in formal framed art, the imagery has also become a widespread design in printed textiles.
Photography Courtesy of James Dunlop Textiles…
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Braiding is a technique that interlaces a minimum of three threads or strips diagonally across to form a narrow band that can be flat or tubular. Braids are most frequently used for trimmings and can also be sewn together to form a larger surface, such as…
The California Prop 65 List is a public index of naturally occurring and synthetic chemicals that are known to cause cancer and reproductive harm. This list was established by Proposition 65—a law officially known as the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986—to inform Californians about potential exposure…
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The CAN/ULC-S102 Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials and Assemblies test is the Canadian standard for the relative surface burning characteristics of interior finish materials, products, and assemblies used in building construction. Results obtained from this test are used by code officials in the acceptance of…
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CDPH (California Department of Public Health) / CHPS (Certified in Healthcare Privacy and Security) Section 01350 is a United States standard that addresses the human health and environmental impacts of building materials used by the architecture and design community. Also known as the Standard Method for…
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Chevron is a repeating pattern of a continuous V- and inverted V-shaped lines without interruption, resulting in a zig-zag-like appearance. Composed of at least one color, this pattern is often used in the design of flooring and walls, as well as textiles.
Photography Courtesy of Walker…
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Collage refers to a motif that emerged from a technique of assembling different forms of the same or varying types of materials such as fabric, paint, paper, and wood to create a new design on a supporting surface, which is held together with glue or another…
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The Association for Contract Textiles (ACT) is a non-profit trade association that sets up industrial standards related to contract fabrics. Their guidelines specify the testing that is necessary for a textile to be certified depending on its construction and intended use. The lightfastness test is examined…
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Concrete effect refers to faux treatments used on materials—such as paint or surfacing—to generate the appearance of actual concrete in color and texture.
Photography Courtesy of Adore Floors…
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Cradle to Cradle (C2C) is a product
standard administered by the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute (C2CPII) to
incentivize environmentally and socially responsible manufacturing practices. Based
on the principles outlined in their 2002 book, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking
the Way We Make Things, authors William…
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Cross dyed is a method used to produce multicolor effects in yarns, textiles, or carpets made from more than one kind of fiber. The desired material can be dipped into a single dyebath and obtain varying color effects based on each fiber’s dye affinities. This method…
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The Declare Label is a transparency initiative by the International Living Future Institute (ILFI) through which industrial manufacturers can opt to disclose their product ingredients. Declare Labels share a product’s key compositional and logistical information with specifiers and consumers, including its manufacturer, assembly location, life expectancy,…
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Declared refers to a declaration status indicating that a product has disclosed 100 percent of its ingredients present at or above 100ppm (0.01%), while also containing one or more Red List chemicals not listed as an existing exception. It is one of three declaration possibilities—along with…
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Digital print refers to a process of directly printing onto a substrate from a digital resource. The process deposits ink droplets of various colors in a continuous jet or pulse that combine to create the desired colors for a given design. With advancements in ink compositions…
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DNA is a proprietary wallcovering substrate—exclusive to fabric and wallcovering specialist Designtex—that promises the same characteristics and functionality as Type II vinyl, but in an environmentally friendly format, which is free of high-emitting chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride or phthalates. Instead, reclaimed wood fibers are fused…
A dye lot is a record attributed to all yarn or yardage in a specific dye bath. Yarns and pieces from the same dye lot are understood to have the same coloration and considered to be a match when used throughout a space. Even with consistent dye formulas between dye…
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Embossed refers to a fabrication process of applying a raised dimensional design to a material. The process requires both male and female dies to create an offset surface, as opposed to debossing, which involves pressing into the material and only requires one die. Embossing uses both…
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An Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is a registered document that provides information about the environmental impact of a product across its life cycle. Unlike a label or certificate, an EPD is not an endorsement of a product’s environmental impact or its compliance with environmental standards. Rather,…
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Traditional felt is a non-woven fabric that is produced by matting, condensing, and pressing loose fibers in order to form the structure of the fabric. With a loose construction that is subject to tearing, felt products that are used industrially are typically made by heating, shrinking,…
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The Association for Contract Textiles (ACT) is a non-profit trade association that sets up industrial standards related to contract fabrics. Their guidelines specify the tests that are necessary for a textile to be certified depending on its construction and intended use. The flammability test examines how…
Fluorescent refers to a pigment that converts wavelengths outside the visible spectrum—such as ultraviolet light—into visible light, resulting in brilliant hues, as well as glowing effects. When fluorescent pigments are no longer exposed to this stimulant, they will stop fluorescing immediately, unlike phosphorescence, which will continue to fluoresce after the…
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The FMVSS 302 test is a standard of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) for evaluating flammability of materials as conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA, a faction of the U.S. Department of Transportation). Results obtained from this test are used by…
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The
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) is a German-based, international non-profit
organization and certification framework working to promote responsible forest
management. The FSC uses independent, third-party accredited certifiers to
appraise operations and determine whether they comply to institutional
standards. Two certification tracks are available: Forest Management
Certification…
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The GREENGUARD Certification Program—previously known as the GREENGUARD Indoor Air Quality Certification—recognizes products and processes that meet standards for safe levels of chemical and particle emissions in indoor spaces. GREENGUARD is a third-party assessment program created by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Environment to support manufacturers in producing…
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GREENGUARD is a third-party assessment program created by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Environment to support manufacturers in producing safe products designed for indoor spaces, in accordance with strict VOC emissions standards. GREENGUARD Gold is even more rigorous, permitting no more than 1/100 of currently published ACGIH Threshold…
Half drop refers to a pattern that shifts at half the length of the pattern or motif on a fabric or wallcovering. The pattern or motif repeats on the vertical line, and then drops exactly half of the vertical repeat along the horizontal line, giving the material a staggered appearance…
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A Health
Product Declaration (HPD) is a standardized report that is used to disclose the
contents of building materials, as well as their possible human health effects
and hazards. HPDs are overseen by the Health Product Declaration Collaborative
(HPDC), a non-profit organization with members from across…
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Houndstooth is a two-toned textile design consisting of a ground of broken checks, with notched corners resembling the canine teeth for which it was named. Originally popularized during the 1930s in wool-tweed jackets and suits—primarily in combinations of black and white—the pattern has since broadened to…
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Ikat is an ancient Indonesian motif that emerged from resist-dyeing techniques, in which patterns are created by binding individual yarns with a tight wrapping. The yarns are then dyed and subsequently woven into fabric. Different from tie-dye and batik, in which the resist is applied to…
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Inkblot is an abstract pattern that emerged from applying ink or other types of pigment to paper, folding its painted side in half, and then opening it to reveal a mirror-image effect. Made famous by the Rorschach psychological test that was designed to analyze personality traits,…
The International Living Future Institute (ILFI), established in 2009 by members of the Cascadia Green Building Council, is a non-profit advocating for a socially just, culturally rich, and ecologically restorative society. As the umbrella organization tasked with managing the Living Building Challenge, the Living Product Challenge, the Living Community Challenge,…
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Living Building Challenge (LBC) Red
List Approved
is a
status indicating that a product is in compliance with the requirements of the
LBC Challenge, but that compliance is dependent on one or more exceptions. It
is one of three declaration possibilities (Red List Free and Declared…
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Living Building Challenge (LBC) Red List Free is a status indicating that a product contains none of the harmful chemicals listed on the Red List. It is one of three declaration possibilities—Red List Approved and Declared are the other two—on the International Living Future Institute’s (ILFI)…
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Leather effect refers to faux treatments in materials such as fabrics, surfaces, and wallcoverings that simulate the sheen or texture of natural leather.
Photography Courtesy of Bernhardt Textiles…
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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED) is a third-party certification system and global standard for green
buildings and communities. Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC),
LEED is the world’s most widely used green building rating system. It provides
the tools for building industry…
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Low-emitting or low volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are reduced concentrations of chemical contaminants in manufactured goods that, at significant levels, can be harmful to human health and the environment. VOC emissions can be released from household products like paints, solvents, carpets, wood composites, and cleaning products,…
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Lurotex is a
stain-resistant textile finish developed by BASF. With C6 fluorocarbon
chemistry, Lurotex is used to resist both water-based and oil-based stains.
Environmental:
Free
of PFOA
Certification:
OEKO-TEX
100REACH
CompliantRSL
Compliance
*The application of Lurotex does not automatically guarantee or qualify a textile for certification. All…
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Marbleized refers to a faux treatment—such as a finish or paint treatment—that mimics the veined or mottled surface of marble, which is often utilized when the use of the actual material would be impractical or cost-prohibitive.
Photography Courtesy of MDC Interior Solutions…
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Metal effect refers to faux treatments that simulate the appearance of actual metal in materials such as paint, ceramic or laminate surfaces, and wallcoverings. In textiles, metal effects are created by incorporating metallic yarns such as Lurex.
Photography Courtesy of Artistic Tile…
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Mindful MATERIALS (mM) is a free online aggregator of sustainability information for design professionals and manufacturers. It was created in 2014 by HKS, an international architecture firm, as a user-friendly platform that promotes product transparency and optimization information across the industry. The mM L3C is a…
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The mindful MATERIALS (mM) label is a physical sticker placed on product binders in resource libraries to communicate information about manufacturer transparency and optimization. Labels are designed to facilitate identification of products whose manufacturers disclose information about their impact on human health and the environment. Products…
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Moiré is a water- or wave-shaped motif that emerged from a fabric finishing process that was invented in the 17th century, in which two layers of silk are fed through steam rollers, as heat and pressure leave an undulating watermarked appearance due to the imperfect spacing…
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The NFPA 265 Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile or Expanded Vinyl Wall Coverings on Full Height Panels and Walls test is a standard of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) that measures flammability characteristics of wall materials for building interiors. This test method is also…
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The NFPA 286 Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth test is a standard of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) that measures flammability characteristics of wall and ceiling materials for building interiors. This test method is also referred to as the…
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Non-phthalate vinyls are PVC products that do not contain phthalate plasticizers, which can be harmful to human and animal health. Phthalate has long been used to make PVC softer and more pliable, but in response to recent studies about its toxicity, American and European manufacturers of…
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Ombré refers to a chromatic effect of a color that gradually transitions from light to dark across a single ground. Translated from the French term for “shadow,” ombré is used to describe tonal variations of a single color, though some ombrés feature two or more complementary…
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The Association for Contract Textiles (ACT) is a non-profit trade association that sets up industrial standards related to contract fabrics. Their guidelines specify the tests that are necessary for a textile to be certified depending on its construction and intended use. The ACT icon for physical…
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Plaid is a fabric pattern featuring horizontal and vertical lines that intersect at 90-degree angles to form variously sized squares or checks in alternating or multiple colors. Common varieties include tartan plaid, originating in the Scottish Highlands of the 1700s; glen plaid, a twill pattern of…
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Plush refers to a type of textile that has a level, even-cut pile surface texture. This results in a soft, velvet-like look and feel. It can be made from both natural and synthetic fibers, including silk, polyester, and cotton. It is often desired for use in…
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Post-consumer recycled content is material waste generated after the consumer-use phase of an item’s life cycle that is used to manufacture new products. To claim post-consumer content, manufacturers must disclose the percentage of recycled materials used, according to the item’s total weight. Use of either kind…
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Post-industrial recycled content, also known as pre-consumer recycled content, is material waste generated during mass production that is later used to manufacture new products. Unlike post-consumer recycled content, post-industrial material has been recycled before entering into contact with consumers and being sent to a landfill. In…
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The Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) is a European Union law instated in 2007 to regulate harmful chemicals across all industries. It aims to protect human health and the environment from risks caused by exposure to chemicals. Managed by the European Chemicals Agency…
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Recycled content, as opposed to virgin stock, is material that has been diverted from a landfill and subsequently used in the manufacturing of new product. Defined by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to prevent false marketing claims, recycled content can be supplied from industrial or consumer…
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SCS Indoor Advantage is a certification program developed by SCS Global Services that appraises the VOC emissions of furniture and interior building materials. SCS offers two certifications: Indoor Advantage, for furniture; and Indoor Advantage Gold, for furniture and building materials—including coatings, paints, sealants, adhesives, wallcoverings, floor…
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Ships carbon neutral is an indicator
that activities associated with a product’s transportation release a net zero
amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. There are two main
strategies for achieving carbon neutrality in shipping: offsetting greenhouse
gas emissions and using alternative fuel sources. The…
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Solution dyed is the process of adding color to synthetic fibers in the liquid stage. Rather than adding color to the fiber after it has been created—as with dyeing natural fibers like wool that is spun and then dyed—the polymer itself is dyed all the way…
Solvent is a cleaning method for fabrics that uses dry-cleaning products and other similar cleaners to break down stains. The use of water or water-based cleaners could stain or shrink the fabric. Solvent cleaning meets BSR/IICRC S300, the standard for professional upholstery cleaning.…
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Stone effect is a faux treatment in materials such as paint or surfacing that simulates the appearance of actual stone in color as well as texture.
Photography Courtesy of Formica…
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Strié is a subtle striped motif of parallel bands depicted in at least two tones, which is often found in flooring, textiles, and wallcoverings.
Photography Courtesy of Koroseal Interior Products…
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Stripe refers to a pattern of bands, lines, or strips that can run in diagonal, horizontal, or vertical directions. There are many types of stripe patterns classified by thickness, size, color, spacing, and arrangement.
Photography Courtesy of Silver State Inc.…
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Teflon is a brand name for fluoropolymer products registered under the Chemours Company. Teflon products come in multiple forms including additives, coatings, dispersions, resins, and textiles repellents. Teflon has been used in a wide rage of industries such as aerospace, cabling, cabling, electronics, food processing, industrial…
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Terralon is a branded Type II, PVC-free wallcovering substrate made of polyester and natural fibers that has post-consumer recycled content. Free of PVC, lead, plasticizers and heavy metals, Terralon can be printed on and is breathable, allowing vapor to transfer to reduce the risk of mold.…
A three-dimensional material has physical attributes that exist in the X, Y, and Z plains. While specific categories of materials will define three-dimensionality differently, if there has been an additive, reductive, or transformative process done to the material, it may qualify as having three-dimensional characteristics.
Photography Courtesy of INAX…
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Toile refers to printed fabrics with extremely detailed surface illustrations that depict a variety of subjects, from homespun rural scenes to exotic Chinoiseries settings. Occasionally dubbed Toile de Jouy—in reference to the French commune of Jouy-en-Josas where the treatment originated during the 18th century—toile can also…
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A light duty, commercial grade vinyl wallcovering is categorized as Type I. This product is designed to be used in areas of light to moderate traffic, such as restaurants and office buildings. Vinyl wallcoverings labeled as Type I typically weigh between 12 to 19 ounces per…
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A medium to heavy-duty, commercial grade vinyl wallcovering is categorized as Type II. This product is designed to be used in high-traffic areas, such as schools, hallways, and retail spaces. Vinyl wallcoverings labeled as Type II typically weigh between 20 to 28 ounces per 54-inch linear…
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A vinyl wallcovering that is used in the most heavily trafficked areas is categorized as Type III. This material is best utilized in locations where more durable wall protection is needed, such as healthcare or restaurant environments. Vinyl wallcoverings labeled as Type III typically weigh between…
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The UL 1286 Safety Standard for Office Furnishings is a test standard of Underwriters Laboratories (UL) that determines if office furnishings that incorporate an electrical distribution system meet necessary electrical, flammability, and safety requirements in accordance with the National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA 70. Office furnishing manufacturers…
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The UL 723 Surface Burning Characteristic of Building Materials test is a standard of Underwriters Laboratories (UL) that measures the burning properties, or fire resistance, of building materials that may be exposed to flames. Results obtained from this test are used by code officials in the…
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is a nonprofit organization committed
to transforming the nation’s construction industry by promoting the values of
the green building rating system Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Its mission is to facilitate healthier, more
socially and environmentally responsible buildings and communities that improve…
Vacuum is a cleaning method for fabrics that uses a vacuum or brush to extract dry soils. Wet means of cleaning—including dabbing with solvent- or water-based cleaners, steam cleaning, and dry cleaning—should not be used as they may damage the fabric. Vacuum cleaning meets BSR/IICRC S300, the standard for professional…
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A wallcovering with Type II characteristics has performance features that meet the Wallcoverings Association’s Type II expectations but is comprised of either a vinyl alternative or has a low percentage of vinyl in the product. Products that fall in this category can be considered more environmentally…
Water-based is a cleaning method for fabrics that uses water or water-based approaches to cleaning. These include steam cleaning, hot water extraction, spot cleaning with a damp white cloth, or using cleaners that have water as the base. Textiles that require water-based cleaning are typically easy to clean and are…
Water-based modified is a maintenance method that also goes by the cleaning code, WS. Water-based modified is a cleaning method for upholstery fabrics using only water-based Crypton cleaners or detergents. The WM method also encourages to use the least amount of liquid while cleaning this product.…
Solvent is a cleaning method for fabrics that uses dry-cleaning products and other similar cleaners to break down stains. The use of water or water-based cleaners could stain or shrink the fabric. Solvent cleaning meets BSR/IICRC S300, the standard for professional upholstery cleaning.…
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The WELL Building Standard is a global rating
system that uses a point-based framework of best-practice policies to assess
the impact of the built environment on human health. WELL was founded by the
International WELL Building Institute (IWBI), a public benefit corporation with
a mission to…
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The Association for Contract Textiles (ACT) is a non-profit trade association that sets up industrial standards related to contract fabrics. Their guidelines specify the tests that are necessary for a textile to be certified depending on its construction and intended use. Crocking is examined by determining…
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Woodgrain effect is a faux treatment that simulates the appearance of actual wood, from hand-painted finishes on ceramics or glass, to digitally printed graphics on flooring, wallcoverings, and surfaces.
Photography Courtesy of Atlas Concorde…
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A woven textile is created by interlacing warp and weft (fill) yarns on a loom. Warp yarns run vertically in a loom and weft yarns run horizontally. Warp yarns are thin with a high twist, making them more durable than weft yarns. They usually have a…
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Woven effect refers to faux treatments that simulate the appearance of woven fabric, which are frequently used to suggest texture and dimension in the smooth surfaces of wallcoverings and flooring.
Photography Courtesy of Designtex…
The Association for Contract Textiles (ACT) is a not-for-profit trade association that represents corporations and individuals that design, produce, sell, and use textiles for commercial interiors. Founded in 1985, the organization has four membership categories:
Principals members or textile wholesalers to the interior design industry Associate members or manufacturers of…
One of several variations on plaid, buffalo check is a fabric pattern composed of horizontal and vertical bands in two contrasting colors, most commonly red and black, which intersect at 90-degree angles to form a grid of large-scale squares. First traced to woven blankets in 19th-century Montana, it was ultimately…
Center is a wood panel matching method. Similar to balance, center match has uniform veneer widths, creating a more consistent and symmetrical appearance. Different from the balance method, center matching requires that the wood grain pattern is centered on the panel, creating a different overall pattern. This method produces veneer…
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Cork is a natural material sourced from the phellem layer of the cork oak, or Quercus Suber tree. Cork is considered a sustainable material since it comes from a renewable resource and its production involves minimal waste or harm to the tree. It has a closed-cell…
Debossed refers to a fabrication process used for applying a recessed dimensional design onto a material. The process requires a die to be created with the desired pattern, which is then applied with pressure—and in some cases heat—to create the sunken effect. This differs from embossing, which creates a raised…
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Distressed refers to a material that has simulated marks of age and wear or has been purposely blemished so as to give the appearance of long, steady use. It can be applied to wood, metal, textile, glass, and stone through many methods such as hammering, denting,…
End match refers to a four-panel wood match sequence. The pattern starts with two wood veneers that are book matched, on the vertical, and then joined by two additional book matched veneers that are flipped, on the horizontal, creating an almost mirrored effect between the four panels. The grains are…
One of several variations on plaid, graph check is a fabric pattern consisting of horizontal and vertical lines in a single color that intersect at 90-degree angles to form a grid of evenly spaced squares. Named for its resemblance to graph paper, the pattern was first utilized by menswear designers…
One of several variations on plaid, gun club check is a fabric pattern of crisscrossed checks, traditionally in four colors: black, red-brown, light gold, and pine green. Alternating colors of twilled bands run in one direction, while intersecting with either a duplicate pattern of intersecting bands, or a single-color twilled…
Gravure print refers
to a machine printing process that provides designers with the opportunity to
achieve a complete, continuous color deposit ranging from 100-percent full tone
down to an approximately five percent tone. The printing is accomplished
through small cells or ink reservoirs that are engraved into the surface of…
Random match is created by deliberately adjoining wood veneers of different width sizes and grain patterns to create a randomized design. It gives the appearance of solid wood and accentuates the grain and color of each panel. Creating a random pattern yields minimal waste as it maximizes the amount of…
Reverse slip match is a wood match pattern similar to slip match. The difference is that in reverse slip every other veneer leaf is flipped 180 degrees, breaking up the consecutive grain pattern seen in a slip match. Typically, the coloring and wood figuring is consistent, and the reversed effect…
One of several variations on plaid, tattersall is a fabric pattern of alternating grids consisting of thin vertical lines that are repeated in the weft to create a ground of regularly spaced checks. Named for the checked blankets that covered horses at Richard Tattersall’s auction mart in 18th-century England, the…
One of several variations on plaid, windowpane is a fabric pattern consisting of horizontal and vertical lines that intersect at 90-degree angles to form a grid of squares that are scaled to resemble the evenly divided panes of a window—hence the name. The density and coloration of the squares may…
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Abstract refers to artworks and designs that do not intend to represent physical realities. Rather, abstraction relies on form, composition, line, color, texture, and gesture to create imagery that either simplifies or repudiates visual reality. Abstraction as an idea was born in the 19th century as…
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Acrylic fiber is a synthetic fiber made from polyacrylonitrile that was first developed by Dupont in the 1940s and trademarked under the name Orlon. Acrylic fiber is lightweight, durable, and can be extruded in both staple and filament form through wet and dry spinning process. Acrylic…
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Nylon is a synthetic thermoplastic polyamide fiber that was first developed by Dupont in 1938. It is a performance fiber that can be manufactured in both filament and staple form. There are multiple types of Nylon based on different molecular structure. With its high tensile properties,…
A sealant can be applied for purposes of protecting a substrate material from air, gas, dust, liquids, or abrasion. It can be designed to provide thermal and acoustical insulation or serve as a fire barrier. Sealants may have smoothing or gap filling properties, and may be weak or strong, flexible…
